Recommended Runtime
{{ runtime_per_event_minutes.toFixed(1) }} min / event
{{ days_per_week }} day(s)/week · {{ (runtime_per_event_minutes*days_per_week).toFixed(1) }} min / week
{{ system_type==='sprinkler' ? 'Sprinkler' : 'Drip' }} {{ precip_rate_value }} {{ precip_rate_unit }} {{ drip_flow_value }} {{ drip_flow_unit }} · {{ drip_emitters_count }} emitters {{ methodLabel }} AE {{ eff_percent }}% · DU×{{ du_factor }} {{ cycles }} cycle(s) {{ event_gallons.toFixed(1) }} gal / event
in
gal/wk
Metric Value Copy
System {{ system_type }}
Precipitation rate {{ precip_rate_value }} {{ precip_rate_unit }}
Zone flow {{ zone_flow_gph.toFixed(2) }} GPH
Days per week {{ days_per_week }}
Net depth / event (in) {{ net_depth_event_in.toFixed(3) }}
Gross depth / event (in) {{ gross_depth_event_in.toFixed(3) }}
Gallons / event (gross) {{ event_gallons.toFixed(2) }}
Runtime / event (min) {{ runtime_per_event_minutes.toFixed(2) }}
Runtime / week (min) {{ (runtime_per_event_minutes*days_per_week).toFixed(2) }}
Cycle/soak {{ cycles }} × {{ cycle_minutes.toFixed(1) }} min, soak {{ soak_minutes }} min
Gallons / event (gross) {{ event_gallons.toFixed(2) }}
Gallons / week (gross) {{ (event_gallons*days_per_week).toFixed(1) }}

                

Introduction:

Irrigation runtime is the watering time a zone needs so plants receive the depth of water that matches their demand. It helps translate plant water use and system output into minutes you can schedule with confidence.

You choose between spray heads and drip emitters, then supply recent weather driven demand and a simple plant factor, or set a target depth. The calculator returns minutes per event and an estimate of gallons where area is known, so you can plan days per week and check whether you need short cycles that reduce runoff.

A common case is a lawn zone with a moderate demand week. Enter the application rate, the plant factor, and days per week. The result shows the runtime per event and, if you know the area, gallons per event and per week. If the soil can take water slowly, you may see a split into shorter cycles with soak time between runs.

Inputs work best when units are consistent and recent. Use realistic plant factors and application rates, and review results when weather shifts. Valid patterns guide watering time, yet they do not confirm local rules or restrictions.

Technical Details:

The calculator models plant water use for a period and converts it to runtime using your system output. Plant demand is represented by reference evapotranspiration scaled by a crop coefficient. For drip systems, total zone flow is derived from emitter flow and count; for sprinklers, output is represented as an application rate across the area.

Weekly plant water use is computed first, then divided across the selected number of irrigation days to obtain the net depth per event. System losses are handled by an application efficiency factor and a distribution uniformity factor, producing the gross depth or volume that must be applied to meet the net requirement.

Results include minutes per event, minutes per week, and estimated gallons where area is supplied. When the soil intake rate is below the sprinkler application rate, runtime is split into equal cycles with a user set soak period between cycles to reduce runoff.

ETc_week = ETo_week×Kc ETo_week = ETo_day×7  (if daily) D_net,event = ETc_weekdays_per_week  (or target depth) D_gross,event = D_net,event Eff×DU t_event = D_gross,event PR ×60  (minutes) V_event = D_gross,event×A×0.623  (gal per in.ft^2) Q_zone = flow_emitter×emitters  (drip) t_event = V_eventQ_zone ×60  (drip)
Symbols and units
Symbol Meaning Unit/Datatype Source
EToReference evapotranspiration (daily or weekly)in/day or in/weekInput
KcCrop coefficient (plant factor)unitlessInput
ETcweekWeekly plant water useinDerived
PRSprinkler application ratein/hrInput
EffApplication efficiency0.01–1Input
DUDistribution uniformity factor0.5–2Input
Dnet,eventNet depth per eventinDerived/Input
Dgross,eventGross depth per eventinDerived
AWatered areasq ftInput
VeventGallons per event (gross)galDerived
QzoneTotal drip flowGPHDerived
teventRuntime per eventminDerived
Worked example (sprinkler, defaults):
ETc_week = 1.5×0.7=1.05 in D_net,event = 1.053=0.35 in D_gross,event = 0.351=0.35 in t_event = 0.351.5×60=14.0 min V_event = 0.35×400×0.623=87.2 gal

Runtime is 14.0 min per event with about 87.2 gal per event. Infiltration at 0.5 in/hr does not require cycle/soak here.

Algorithmic notes:

  1. Convert ETo to weekly inches when daily input is selected.
  2. Compute net depth per event from weekly demand and days per week.
  3. Divide by efficiency and DU to get gross depth or volume.
  4. Convert gross depth to minutes using precipitation rate.
  5. For drip, convert emitter flow to GPH and multiply by emitters.
  6. For drip, compute event gallons then minutes from zone flow.
  7. If infiltration is below precipitation, split into equal cycles.

Units, precision & rounding:

  • Depth in inches; rates in in/hr; drip flow in GPH or LPH; area in sq ft or m².
  • Displays round using fixed decimals: depths to 3, minutes to 1–2, flow to 2, gallons to 1–2.
  • Internal calculations use full floating‑point precision; display rounding does not change logic.

Validation & bounds (from UI):

Input validation rules
Field Type Min Max Step/Pattern Error Text Placeholder
Precipitation ratenumber00.01
ETonumber00.01
Kc (sprinkler)number010.01
Kc (drip)number01.50.01
Target depth per eventnumber00.01
Days per weekinteger171
Areanumber00.1
Application efficiencyinteger %11001
DU factornumber0.520.01
Infiltration ratenumber00.01
Soak between cyclesinteger01
Emitter flownumber00.01
Emitters (total)integer11
Weekly gallons (net)number00.1

I/O formats:

Inputs and outputs
Input Accepted Families Output Encoding/Precision Rounding
Numbers, units in/hr, mm/hr, GPH, LPH, sq ft, m² Minutes, gallons, depths Floating point Fixed decimals as noted
Days per week 1–7 Per‑event and weekly metrics Floating point / integer Fixed decimals as noted

Privacy & compliance:

All calculations run locally. No data is transmitted or stored server‑side. Downloads are generated on your device.

Assumptions & limitations:

  • Inputs reflect a single zone; mixed plantings may require separate runs.
  • Area is optional; gallons are shown only when area is provided.
  • Efficiency and DU adjust applied depth; values below typical practice may inflate runtime.
  • Heads‑up Infiltration of zero disables cycle/soak logic.
  • Cycle sizing uses 80% of the infiltration/application ratio to curb runoff.
  • Drip runtime depends on accurate emitter count and flow conversion.
  • Weather demand is summarized to a week; rapid swings merit rechecking.
  • Results guide scheduling and do not replace local watering rules.

Edge cases & error sources:

  • Precipitation rate of zero prevents runtime calculation.
  • Emitter flow of zero yields zero zone flow and undefined drip runtime.
  • Days per week less than one are clamped to one.
  • Efficiency is clamped between 1% and 100%.
  • DU factor is clamped to at least 0.5.
  • Very small rates may cause long runtimes and coarse rounding.
  • Unrealistic Kc produces unrealistic demand.
  • Area in m² is converted to sq ft before gallon math.
  • LPH is converted to GPH using 0.26417205236; rounding may mask tiny differences.
  • JSON/CSV rounding differs by metric; displayed values may differ from raw.

Step‑by‑Step Guide:

Set plant demand and system output to obtain runtime per event and weekly totals.

  1. Select Sprinkler or Drip.
  2. Choose input method and enter demand values or a target depth.
  3. Set Days per week.
  4. Optionally add area to see gallons.
  5. Open Advanced to adjust efficiency, DU, and infiltration.
  6. Review minutes per event and, if shown, cycle/soak timing.

Example: Sprinkler, ETo 1.5 in/week, Kc 0.7, three days per week, 1.5 in/hr rate, 400 sq ft area → 14.0 min per event and 87.2 gal per event.

  • Tip: Revisit Kc with season changes for better alignment.

FAQ:

Is my data stored?

No. All calculations run on your device and downloads are created locally.

No server storage.
How accurate is the result?

Accuracy depends on realistic inputs. Application rate, plant factor, and area dominate outcomes; rounding is limited to display.

Garbage in, garbage out.
What units can I use?

Sprinklers use in/hr or mm/hr; drip uses GPH or LPH; area can be sq ft or m²; demand is inches per day or week.

Unit conversions are built in.
What does “borderline” mean near cycle splits?

If application rate only slightly exceeds soil intake, one or two cycles may suffice. Increase soak time if puddling appears.

Observe and adjust.
How do I pick a plant factor?

Use a reasonable range: turf about 0.7 to 0.9, shrubs about 0.4 to 0.7, vegetables about 0.8 to 1.1.

Choose values that match growth stage.
Can I enter gallons directly?

Yes for drip. Enter weekly gallons and days per week to compute minutes per event from zone flow.

Efficiency and DU still apply.
Does area affect sprinklers?

Area is optional for sprinklers. It does not change minutes, but enables gallon estimates.

Depth drives minutes; area drives volume.

Troubleshooting:

  • Minutes show as blank: ensure precipitation rate or drip flow is greater than zero.
  • Gallons are missing: add area and unit.
  • Runtime seems high: check efficiency and DU values.
  • No cycles appear: set an infiltration rate below the application rate.
  • Drip minutes extreme: verify emitter count and LPH to GPH conversion.
  • Numbers jump after edits: confirm days per week and method selection.

Advanced Tips:

  • Tip Keep days per week aligned with any watering window limits.
  • Tip Use area by zone rather than total landscape for clearer gallons.
  • Tip Increase soak time on slopes or compacted soils.
  • Tip For mixed nozzles, measure or estimate a weighted application rate.
  • Tip For drip, group plants with similar demand into the same zone.
  • Tip Recheck inputs after nozzle or emitter changes.

Glossary:

Reference evapotranspiration
Baseline atmospheric demand for water loss.
Crop coefficient (Kc)
Plant factor that scales reference demand.
Application efficiency
Fraction of applied water that reaches the root zone.
Distribution uniformity (DU)
Compensation factor for low spots in coverage.
Precipitation rate
Sprinkler application rate in inches per hour.
Infiltration rate
Soil intake rate used to size cycle/soak.
Zone flow
Total drip flow from emitter rate and count.