Morse Code Generator

Metric	Value	Copy
Unit (ms)	{{ Math.round(unit_ms) }}
Total units	{{ total_units }}
Duration (s)	{{ duration_seconds.toFixed(2) }}
Characters	{{ char_count }}
Words	{{ word_count }}
Letters encoded	{{ letter_count }}
Unknown chars	{{ unknown_count }}
Dots	{{ dots }}
Dashes	{{ dashes }}
Input text	{{ input_text }}
Morse	{{ morse_display }}

Morse code is a timing based alphabet that represents letters, numbers, and some symbols as short and long signals. Use this text to Morse code converter when you want a clear pattern you can also listen to. It turns everyday writing into dots and dashes you can read at a glance while the audio version teaches the cadence behind the marks.

Enter any short message or paste a paragraph. You see the coded sequence and can play a tone version to hear spacing at your chosen speed. Punctuation and numbers are handled where defined, and uncommon symbols are either skipped or replaced with a placeholder so the pattern stays readable clearly.

Example: Type SOS MEET AT 7 and you will see sequences like ... --- ... / -- . . - / .- - / --... and hear a steady tone that matches the marks. If you include accented letters or unusual punctuation they may not map, so you can keep or replace them using a simple placeholder.

For clearer practice, slow the spacing between letters and words while keeping characters crisp with Farnsworth timing. Pick a comfortable pitch and volume so long sessions stay easy on the ears. Add a brief silence before and after playback if you want really clean cues for recording or group teaching.

Technical Details:

International Morse code maps characters to dots and dashes, forming elements and gaps that create rhythm. A dot defines the base time unit; a dash lasts three units. Gaps follow a simple rule set: one unit between elements of a letter, three units between letters, and seven units between words. Words per minute (WPM) sets the physical size of one unit using the common PARIS convention.

Farnsworth timing stretches only the spaces between letters and words while keeping element speed unchanged. When the effective Farnsworth rate is set lower than the character rate, letter gaps adopt three units at the Farnsworth scale and word gaps adopt seven units at that scale; otherwise, gaps use the main unit. The mapping includes A–Z, 0–9, and common marks such as period, comma, question mark, apostrophe, exclamation mark, slash, parentheses, ampersand, colon, semicolon, equals, plus, hyphen, underscore, straight quote, dollar, and at sign.

Read outputs as rhythm and timing: the Morse text shows structure; dot and dash counts indicate element balance; total units and duration summarize how long playback will take. Faster character speed compresses elements; Farnsworth spacing lengthens the silence between letters and words without changing element lengths, which helps learners hear clear character shapes.

\begin{matrix} u & = & \frac{1.2}{WPM} s \\ u_{f} & = & {if 0 < f < WPM, \frac{1.2}{f} else u} s \\ d_{\cdot} & = & u \\ d_{—} & = & 3 u \\ symbol gap & = & u \\ letter gap & = & 3 u_{f} \\ word gap & = & 7 u_{f} \end{matrix}

\begin{matrix} T & = & u \cdot N_{\cdot} + 3 u \cdot N_{—} + u \cdot N_{sym} + (3 u_{f} - u) \cdot N_{igap} + (7 u_{f} - u) \cdot N_{wgap} + lead + tail \end{matrix}

Symbols and units used by the Morse timing model
Symbol	Meaning	Unit/Datatype	Source
u	Dot time unit	s	Derived
u_f	Farnsworth unit	s	Derived
WPM	Words per minute	number	Input
f	Farnsworth rate	number	Input
N•	Dot count	count	Derived
N—	Dash count	count	Derived
N_sym	Symbol count	count	Derived
N_igap	Inter‑letter gaps	count	Derived
N_wgap	Inter‑word gaps	count	Derived
lead, tail	Silence before/after audio	s	Input
T	Total playback time	s	Derived
freq	Tone frequency	Hz	Input
volume	Tone level	percent	Input

Variables & Parameters:

Adjustable parameters and their effects
Parameter	Meaning	Unit/Datatype	Typical Range	Sensitivity	Notes
Speed	Character rate	WPM	≥ 1	High	Controls element length u.
Farnsworth	Effective spacing rate	WPM	0 or < Speed	Medium	Affects letter/word gaps only.
Frequency	Tone pitch	Hz	≥ 100	Low	No effect on timing.
Volume	Tone level	%	0–100	Low	Amplitude with headroom.
Lead/Tail silence	Padding before/after	s	≥ 0	Low	Improves cueing.
Unknown policy	How to handle unmapped	enum	skip/replace	Medium	Replacement uses a placeholder mapping.
Placeholder char	Symbol to substitute	char	length 1	Low	If unmapped, falls back to ? mapping.
Letter separator	Between letters	string	any	Low	Default is a single space.
Word separator	Between words	string	any	Low	Default is `/` with spaces.

Constants & Coefficients:

Fixed constants used by audio rendering
Constant	Value	Unit	Source	Notes
Sample rate	44100	Hz	Implementation	PCM render for WAV export.
Fade time	0.003	s	Implementation	Softens edges to prevent clicks.
Start offset	0.05	s	Implementation	Stabilizes playback scheduling.
Bit depth	16	bits	Implementation	Mono PCM.
Headroom	0.9	ratio	Implementation	Reduces clipping risk.

Units, Precision & Rounding:

Decimal separator is a dot. Durations are base‑10 values.
Unit (ms) is rounded to the nearest whole number using half‑up behavior.
Duration (s) displays with two decimal places.
Readable clock format shows whole seconds for minutes and seconds.

Validation & Bounds:

Input validation rules enforced by the app
Field	Type	Min	Max	Step/Pattern	Notes
Speed (WPM)	number	1	—	1	Character rate; must be ≥ speed of Farnsworth.
Farnsworth WPM	number	0	—	1	Effective rate; ignored if 0 or ≥ Speed.
Frequency	number	100	—	1	Tone pitch for playback and export.
Volume	number	0	100	1	Master level.
Lead silence	number	0	—	0.05	Padding before tone.
Tail silence	number	0	—	0.05	Padding after tone.
Unknown policy	select	—	—	skip/replace	Replace uses placeholder mapping.
Placeholder char	text	—	—	maxlength 1	Falls back to `?` mapping if needed.
Letter separator	text	—	—	string	Shown in encoded output.
Word separator	text	—	—	string	Shown between words.
Text file input	file	—	—	plain text	Reads local text content.

I/O Formats & Encoding:

Inputs and outputs produced by the app
Input	Accepted Families	Output	Encoding/Precision	Rounding
Text	Typed or pasted message	Morse string	Letter and word separators configurable	Not applicable
File	Plain‑text file	Metrics table	Counts and time values	Unit ms rounded; seconds to 2 dp
—	—	WAV audio	Mono 16‑bit PCM at 44.1 kHz	Exact sample synthesis
—	—	CSV / JSON	Fields for inputs, totals, timeline sample	As displayed

Networking & Storage Behavior:

Processing and audio synthesis occur on the device; no server requests are made during encoding or playback.
No persistent storage is used; files are generated in memory for download.

Performance & Complexity:

Encoding time grows linearly with the number of characters.
Audio rendering time scales with total duration times sample rate.

Diagnostics & Determinism:

Identical input and settings produce identical Morse, metrics, and audio.
JSON includes a sample of the timeline points for quick inspection.

Security Considerations:

Untrusted text is handled as plain text for encoding.
The highlighted JSON preview injects markup; the highlighter should escape values to prevent HTML injection.

Worked Example:

Message: HELLO

Settings: Speed 20 WPM; Farnsworth 10 WPM; lead 0.2 s; tail 0.2 s.

\begin{matrix} u & = & \frac{1.2}{20} = 0.06 s \\ u_{f} & = & \frac{1.2}{10} = 0.12 s \\ Counts & = & N_{\cdot} = 11, N_{—} = 5, N_{sym} = 16, N_{igap} = 4 \\ T & \approx & 1.56 + 0.96 + 1.20 + 0.40 = 4.12 s \end{matrix}

Output Morse: .... . .-.. .-.. ---. The timing reflects faster elements at 20 WPM but wider gaps at 10 WPM for clarity.

Assumptions & Limitations:

Whitespace collapses; line breaks become single spaces between words. Heads‑up
Only mapped characters are encoded; others are skipped or replaced.
Farnsworth affects only inter‑letter and inter‑word gaps.
Pitch and volume change sound, not timings.
Very long texts produce large audio buffers.
Timeline preview shows a sample; the full sequence is used for audio.
Separators appear only in the displayed Morse string.
Letter counts exclude skipped characters.

Edge Cases & Error Sources:

Unmapped Unicode symbols or emoji are counted as unknowns.
Speed below 1 is clamped to 1.
Farnsworth equal to or above Speed has no effect.
Placeholder without a mapping falls back to the question mark mapping.
Multiple consecutive spaces or tabs are reduced to one gap.
Rounding may slightly change displayed totals vs. exact sums.
Very high volumes can clip external speakers despite headroom.
Extremely long durations risk floating‑point drift in sample synthesis.
Pausing is stop‑only; resuming restarts playback.
File reads require plain text; proprietary formats will not parse as expected.

Privacy & Compliance:

Files are processed locally; nothing is uploaded. No data is transmitted or stored server‑side. Audio generation uses the device’s sound stack.

Step‑by‑Step Guide:

Convert plain text into Morse and hear the timing.

Paste or type your text into the input. Text
Set character speed. Speed
Optionally widen gaps with Farnsworth. Farnsworth
Choose pitch and level. Frequency
Add lead or tail padding if needed. Silence
Copy the Morse or play the audio. Check volume
Download the audio or a data summary if required.

Example: Text MEET AT 7 at moderate speed produces -- . . - / .- - / --... with clear word spacing and a concise duration.

Use Farnsworth to slow spacing without changing character shape.
Pick a pitch that is comfortable on your speakers or headphones.
Replace unknown symbols to preserve rhythm where characters are unsupported.

Pro tip: set a short lead silence to make precise recordings easier to trim.

FAQ:

What does Farnsworth do?

It widens the spaces between letters and words while keeping dot and dash lengths fixed. Characters remain crisp; the overall rhythm slows for easier learning.

How accurate is the duration?

The duration is computed from element and gap counts using the exact unit size. Displayed milliseconds are rounded and seconds show two decimals, so totals may differ slightly from raw sums.

Which characters are supported?

Letters A–Z, digits 0–9, and common punctuation including period, comma, question mark, apostrophe, exclamation mark, slash, parentheses, ampersand, colon, semicolon, equals, plus, hyphen, underscore, straight quote, dollar, and at sign.

Can I change pitch and volume?

Yes. Pitch sets the tone frequency and volume sets the output level. These controls affect sound only, not timing or total duration.

Is my data stored or sent anywhere?

No. Text and audio are handled on the device. Downloads are created locally and not uploaded.

Does it work without a network?

After the page loads, encoding and playback run on the device. You can keep working without a connection.

How to convert text to Morse audio?

Enter your message, set a comfortable speed, optionally apply Farnsworth, then play the tone or download the audio for practice.

Troubleshooting:

No sound: ensure your device volume is up and press Play once to unlock audio.
Clipboard blocked: allow clipboard permission or copy the text manually.
Download fails: check pop‑up/download blockers and try again.
Strange symbols: replace unsupported characters or remove accents.
Audio clicks: reduce volume slightly or increase lead/tail silence.
Duration mismatch: rounding may slightly change displayed totals.

Speed must be at least 1; lower values are corrected and may produce unexpected durations.

Advanced Tips:

Tip Use a lower Farnsworth rate with a higher character speed to hear crisp shaping with generous spacing.

Tip Set a short lead silence to align multiple practice recordings easily.

Tip Custom separators can make printed handouts easier to scan.

Tip Keep volume moderate to avoid speaker distortion during long dashes.

Tip Practice with short words first; then reduce Farnsworth spacing as recognition improves.

Glossary:

Dot (dit): Shortest Morse element lasting one unit.
Dash (dah): Long element lasting three units.
Unit: Time base derived from words per minute.
Farnsworth: Method that widens gaps while keeping element speed.
WPM: Words per minute; sets element length.
Inter‑letter gap: Silence between letters in a word.
Word gap: Silence between consecutive words.