Perceived Social Intelligence Scales for Robots
Rate one robot with the 80-item PSI full form to review 20 perceived social-intelligence scales and three descriptive composite totals.{{ summaryTitle }}
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A robot can appear socially aware even when the observer cannot inspect how it reached a response. Timing, motion, speech, gaze, and the surrounding situation all influence that impression. Perceived social intelligence measures the observer's judgment of those visible behaviors; it does not test the robot's internal reasoning or prove that the behavior will repeat safely.
The 80-item Perceived Social Intelligence (PSI) full form separates that impression into twenty four-item scales. Thirteen scales concern social information processing: a three-by-three set of recognizing, adapting to, and predicting human emotions, behaviors, and cognitions; three forms of identifying people; and overall social competence.
| Observed capacity | Emotions | Behaviors | Cognitions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recognizes | Detects feelings or preferences | Notices actions or movement | Infers thoughts or beliefs |
| Adapts to | Changes behavior for feelings | Changes behavior for actions | Changes behavior for thoughts or beliefs |
| Predicts | Anticipates feelings | Anticipates actions or intentions | Anticipates thoughts or beliefs |
The other seven scales describe social presentation: Friendly, Helpful, Caring, Trustworthy, Rude, Conceited, and Hostile. A robot may look friendly in a scripted demonstration yet fail to recognize a person's intentions, or may appear capable in one interaction while behaving differently in noise, with a new user, or under another task. Keeping these impressions separate is more informative than treating social intelligence as one vague quality.
- Perceived behavior
- What the observer inferred from one defined interaction, recording, scenario, or period of prior experience.
- Actual capability
- Performance established through independent technical testing across relevant people, tasks, environments, and failure conditions.
PSI profiles support human-robot interaction research, structured observation, and design reflection. They are not norms, safety ratings, compliance checks, purchase recommendations, or certifications of intelligence. Comparisons are meaningful only when the rated robot, observer instructions, exposure, and context are sufficiently consistent.
How to Use This Tool:
Define one robot and one observation context before answering, then keep both fixed for the full form.
- Select Start assessment after watching or interacting with the robot long enough to form an impression, then rate all 80 statements on the five-point agreement scale. Judge what appeared to happen in that context; do not combine different robots or unrelated scenarios.
- Read the twenty scale means before the three composites. The means show the detailed perceived profile; the composites summarize broader groups and do not add new observations.
- Use Review your answers to inspect keyed contributions when a scale is surprising. Sorting by contribution changes the ledger presentation only.
Interpreting Results:
Each scale mean runs from 1 to 5. A larger value means the observer endorsed more of the named perception, including on Rude, Conceited, and Hostile. Those three scale names retain their ordinary direction in the detailed profile.
The composite totals have a different purpose. Social Information Processing adds thirteen scale means. Social Presentation combines four positive-presentation means with reversed versions of the three negative-presentation means. Social Intelligence adds those two composites. None has a published cutoff or population label.
- Use differences between scales to identify behaviors worth examining in recordings, interviews, usability notes, or controlled tests.
- Do not treat a high score as proof of technical competence, trustworthiness, safety, or readiness for deployment.
- For repeat observations, keep the robot, task, exposure duration, environment, and rating instructions fixed enough to support a fair comparison.
Technical Details:
The official full form has four items per scale. Raw agreement responses use values 1 through 5. Positively keyed items keep that value, while reverse-keyed items contribute 6 minus the response. Each scale is the arithmetic mean of its four keyed item scores.
Formula Core:
The first equation constructs one scale mean. The remaining equations combine those means into the three published composites.
Here, r is a raw response, s is its keyed score, and M is a four-item scale mean. The negative presentation scales are reversed only when they enter the Social Presentation composite; their displayed scale means still indicate more perceived rudeness, conceit, or hostility as they rise.
| Result | Construction | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Each PSI scale | Mean of four keyed item scores | 1 to 5 |
| Social Information Processing | Sum of 13 information-processing scale means | 13 to 65 |
| Social Presentation | Four positive scale means plus three reversed negative scale means | 7 to 35 |
| Social Intelligence | Social Information Processing plus Social Presentation | 20 to 100 |
All 80 responses are required. Scale means and composites are descriptive values without weighting, imputation, norm conversion, bands, or cutoff rules.
Limitations and Privacy:
Observer ratings can change with expectations, prior familiarity, novelty, task difficulty, camera angle, interaction length, and environmental conditions. A profile from one context cannot establish performance in another, and agreement among observers does not replace independent capability or safety testing.
Responses are held in browser memory. Choosing to copy a result link places all 80 raw ratings in the URL fragment after a confirmation step. The fragment is encoded but not encrypted or access-controlled, so anyone with the link can recover the response pattern. Starting over clears the current responses and removes the result fragment.
References:
- Perceived Social Intelligence Scales test manual, International Personality Item Pool and Barchard et al., 2018.
- Perceived Social Intelligence scales and scoring, International Personality Item Pool, 2018.